Abstract: Pine trees are an ancient tree. This article introduces the predecessors who wrote Songsong Song poetry to the readers, and can feel the magnificence and charm of Chinese traditional culture from the text. There are many kinds of pine trees, and pines are widely used. This paper attempts to classify and identify them according to their uses, and rational use of visual materials.
First, the pine poems are literary and ancient
The ancients thought that the pine tree was the longest of the wood, and the pine, bamboo, and plum were the "three friends of the old age." Pine trees often grow tall and burly, revealing a kind of selflessness and arrogance. Throughout the ages, many scholars and literati, painting loose, writing loose, enjoying pine, let the spirit of pine, loose style, loose charm, and infiltrate people's hearts.
1.1 Songlin Moonlight Night
Wang Wei, known as the poetry Buddha, "Mountains in the Autumn" is a poem: "Mingyue Songsong, Qingquan Stones." In the poem "Reward Zhang Shaofu", there are poems: "Songfeng blows the band, and the mountain moon plays the piano." The sky is already awkward, but there is a moon in the sky; the group has been thankful, but there is a pine-like cover; the mountain spring is clear, the torrent of diarrhea, like a white, even sparkling. In this quiet and clear natural beauty, facing the breeze blown by the pine forest, I will play alone in the mountains and moonlight. Wang Wei portrays this kind of seclusion life and leisurely fun, free and comfortable, and it is his ideal ideal that he has to get rid of the pressure of reality.
1.2 Panasonic knot concentric
The Tang Dynasty poet Niu Wei "Liu Zhi" cloud: "Do not anger Qiantang Su Xiaoxiao, lead Langsong down the same heart." The author of the word is based on the ancient music house "Qiantang Suxiaoxiao": "妾 油 油 油 , , 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎 郎"Not angry" means dissatisfaction.
Su Xiaoxiao is a famous monk in Qiantang (Hangzhou) in the Southern Dynasties. There are many willow trees in Qiantang, the color of the willow is good, and the name of the willow is not so good. It turns out that Liu Xia has the same heart and has the meaning of parting with the lover. The pines and cypresses are dying after the cold, symbolizing that their sentiments are high and clean, and they are unyielding. Natural lovers are willing to come to the bottom of their hearts and make a vow.
1.3 Xiaosong Zhi Lingyun
The late Tang poet Du Yuhe "Xiaosong" poem: "When people don't know Lingyunmu, they wait until Lingyun starts high." In the poem, he even said two "Lingyun", the former refers to Komatsu and the latter refers to Komatsu. Dasong "Lingyun" has become a fact, praised it is high, does not mean that there is eyesight, and does not make much sense; Komatsu is still young, the grass is not surprising, but it can be identified as "Ling Yunmu", then it is insightful. Significant. However, the short-sighted "when people don't know", do not regard Komatsu as the wood of Lingyun, but the material of the pillars is destroyed, which is sorrowful. The poet was born in poverty, and he did not meet his talents. He fell down in his life. "Komatsu" is his own portrayal.
1.4 Axe
The Northern Song Dynasty poet Huang Tingjian "Wuchang Songfengge" poem: "Old Song Kui has been in the air for hundreds of years. The Songfeng Pavilion is built on the mountain. From the pavilion, you can see the vast wilderness, but see the stars returning to the battle, the moon will fall, the night will be exhausted, the ancient pines will stand in the sky, and the glory will be revealed in the night. "Axe is a slap in the sky" is a whimsy, a "赦" word is particularly novel, write the loggers of the year, and let it go, Laosong has today's majestic. It shows how people treat their new things and is rich in philosophy. More than 900 years ago, a literati had such an environmental awareness, which is commendable and commendable.
1.5 Xuehua Zhisonggao
The familiar "Chensong" poem of Chen Yi Marshal: "The snow is pressed against the pine, the pine is quite straight and straight. You must know Song Gaojie, when you are snowing." This is a masterpiece that borrows things and is popular.
In this short poem, the author has created an upright, straight, and stalwart warrior; praised the straightforward and heroic character that is not afraid of snow, gritty, and unconstrained; expressing that particular era (1960s) A revolutionary spirit that is not afraid of hardship, arrogance, and frustration. Wen Ruoqi. Reading this poem is always reminiscent of the author's straightforward personality, which is admirable.
In the Tang Dynasty, the poetry of the Du Fu used "the pine on the pavilion, the stroke in the sacred valley." The poems are given to his cousin, encouraging the brothers to cleanse themselves and keep their ethics. The meaning of the two poems is similar, but the poems of Chen Shi are still "right and straight" under the weight of heavy snow, which is even more heroic.
1.6 pine style high
In the 1960s, Tao Zhu, who was then secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee, wrote a book entitled "The Style of Pine Trees", which was once popularized and praised throughout the country. Since then, it has been included in the middle school textbooks for teaching.
The author first said that whenever he saw the pine trees that were "lush, vibrant, and proud", they would pay tribute. One of the reasons is the tenacious vitality of pine trees. Regardless of the fatness of the soil, no matter whether the soil is wet or dry, no environmental terrain, no fear of cold and heat, no need for irrigation and fertilization, it can grow vigorously everywhere, and it can be said that there are very few people. The second reason is the self-sacrifice spirit of pine trees. Pine wood, rosin, and turpentine are widely used as industrial raw materials. For human beings, they are willing to "break the bones." "There are very few people who ask for it, and there are so many people who give it. This is the style of pine trees."
The author concludes that whenever he thinks of the sublime style of pine trees, he associates with the communist style. It is a style that requires very few people, gives a lot of people, and fears no sacrifice for the interests of the people and the cause.
1.7 Songtao Artistic Beauty
The word Tao is an onomatopoeia, and the word Song Tao is found in the poem of "One Night Songtao Pillow" in the poem "Zhu Wuhuashan Huaide Deqing" in the Yuan Dynasty. “Baiyun Songtao†was one of the eight scenic spots in Yangcheng in the last century.
The word Song Tao is full of poetry and painting. There are movements and quiets, sound and color, coordination and harmony. The first is the mountains and mountains, the pines and the sky, the boundless, lush. Where the wind passes, the beam is condensed and shakes and dances. A Linsong riots, and then, a mountain pine, Qianshan pine, Wansong pine are turbulent. Song Tao rang, it seems that the blue waves are ups and downs, and it sounds like the tides of the sea, and the tide is overwhelming. This is the thousands of miles of pines that are ringing on the peaks and peaks. The turbulence of the mountains and rivers, as if the Chinese dragons are arrogant, swaying.
Second, pine classification fine identification
2.1 generalized pine
In general, we usually say that pine or pine has a broad and narrow sense. Generalized pine includes more than 230 species of pines from 10 families of Pinaceae. There are 10 genera in China, more than 90 kinds, all of which are produced.
The 10 genera of Pinaceae are: Pinus, Larix, Pseudolarix, Cedrus, Peseudotsuga, Keteleeria, Picea, Abies , Cathaya, Tsusago. Simplify them as: pine, fall, gold, snow, yellow, oil, cloud, cold, silver, iron. The first 4 genera have the word "æ¾", and the latter 6 genera have the word "æ‰", which is easy to remember.
It is not a good idea to call the pine tree "pine". Because of Pinusaceae, Taxodiaceae, they are two different families, Familia, which are different families with different morphological and anatomical features. For example, pine roots, stems, branches, leaves, and skin all secrete cell tissue, which can secrete turpentine, but cedar does not. For historical reasons, in order to pass on the historical customary customary title, they were standardized. However, it must be remembered that the pine with the word "cedar" is still pine in nature. Don't look at the meaning of the text and mistakenly for the fir.
2.2 Narrow sense pine
Narrow sense pine refers only to the trees of Pinus. About 100 species are distributed in the northern hemisphere. There are 22 species in China, which are widely distributed and spread throughout the east, west, north and south. They are extremely important afforestation and timber species.
According to China's current national timber name standards (domestic and imported materials), narrow pine can be divided into two categories: softwood pine and hardwood pine. The air dry density of 0.4 to 0.5 g/cm3 is cork pine, such as Pinus koriensis and P. sibilisa. The air dry density of 0.5-0.7 g/cm3 is hardwood pine, such as P. massoniana, P. sylvestris. However, natural products are not as soft as people think, but also intermediate, such as the most common today.
Pinus sylvestris (P. sylvestris var. mongolica) is a pine that is not soft or hard. Some hardwood pine artificial fast-growing materials, due to the annual ring width, large proportion of early wood, and low density, such as Pinus massoniana and P. radiata fast-growing material, the density is less than 0.5g/cm3. On the contrary, some cork pines have slow growth, narrow annual rings, large proportion of late wood, and increased density. For example, P. kwangtungensis, which is born on alpine rocky mountains, has a density of 0.5 g/cm3 or more.
2.3 rare pine
According to the current “National List of Key Protected Wild Plantsâ€, there are 24 rare pine trees under national protection. There are 5 species of Pinus, 2 species of larch, 1 species of Pinus sylvestris, 1 species of silver fir, 5 species of genus Taxus, 3 species of genus of genus, 2 species of spruce, and 5 species of fir.
Especially rare, the silver cedar (Cathaya argyrophylla) is only one genera and one species. It is a unique "living fossil" plant in China. Pseudolarix amabilis is also a genus of 1 genera. It is also unique to China. The short-branched needles are impeller-like clusters. In autumn, they turn yellow like money, and they are the world's most valuable garden ornamental trees. Cedar (Cedrus deodara) is one of the most beautiful trees in China. It is a famous garden landscape tree in the East China city of Central China.
Pine trees are all trees, which can produce wood for use. However, these rare pines are mainly for greening, beautification, and protection, and for the purpose of exerting ecological benefits. The state adopts protection measures such as logging bans and limited cutting, and resources are scarce and scattered, so there is no commercial timber.
2.4 Shangsong Song
Commercial timber refers to pine wood that is commercially produced and sold. The premise is that there must be resources, and the state allows development and utilization. Except for rare pines, the rest are commercial pines, and their identification has practical significance. According to the different conditions of the heartwood and resin channel of Shangcai Pine, it can be divided into three categories: ambiguous, with normal resin channels; cryptic, normal resin channels; cryptic, no normal resin channels. Each category can be subdivided into several categories, a total of nine. In addition to their common features (the difference between annual rings and early and late materials), the remaining identification features are as follows:
Commercial material pine feature identification table serial number heartwood heartwood color morning and evening material resin rosin fat 1 hardwood pine obviously yellow brown to red brown sharply large and more, slightly dispersed rich 2 softwood pine obvious light brown to light red brown gradient large and more, slightly Dispersed and rich 3 Douglas fir obviously yellow to orange red eager to become smaller and more, in the late wood, generally 4 larch is obviously light yellow brown to red brown, extremely sharp and small, in the late wood, the general red cedar is obviously reddish brown to reddish brown slightly sharper and smaller. And more, in the late wood generally 6 oil cedar does not show light reddish brown eager to become smaller and more, in the late wood is weaker 7 spruce does not show light yellow brown slightly eager to become smaller and more, in the late wood is weaker 8 fir does not show light yellow brown gradient No or weak 9 Hemlock does not show light yellow brown reddish violent change no or weak
A few notes:
2.4.1 Hardwood pine and cork pine
The difference between the two is that the material is mainly soft and hard. The macroscopic recognition is mainly the change of the early and late materials. The former changes rapidly and the latter changes. In the microscopic features, the inner wall of the ray tube, the former is toothed, and the latter is smooth.
2.4.2 Hardwood Pine and Douglas Fir
Douglas fir is a popular name, in fact, it is called P. menzisii, which is a traditional beauty and imported material. Its macroscopic features are similar to those of hardwood pine, but the axial resin channels are more dispersed, while the latter are concentrated in the late wood. Microscopically, the thickening of the inner wall of the Douglas fir tube is very obvious, and hardwood pine does not have this feature.
2.4.3 Larch and Sequoia
The domestically produced "national standard" divides the larch into two commercial materials, and the heartwood is brown, the quality is hard. The early and late material is called "larch", the heartwood is bright reddish brown, the quality is soft, and the early or late material is abrupt or slightly changed. It is called "Redwood". It is mainly produced in the southwest and has few resources. It is mainly produced and sold locally.
2.4.4 Cedar and spruce
Both of them have no heartwood, and all have normal resin channels, all of which have rosin gas; but the oil fir has only axial and no radial resin channels, and both spruce. Among the nine domestically produced Chinese cedars, except for the three species, the remaining ones are scattered and have no commercial materials.
2.4.5 Spruce, fir and hemlock
Spruce and fir are similar in color and similar in material, but spruce has normal resin tract and has a rosin smell. Fir has no normal resin tract. It often has a wound resin channel and also has a rosin smell. The materials of fir and hemlock are similar. Both of them have no normal resin channels, and they also produce a wound resin channel with a rosin smell. The fir material is white, and the hemlock is slightly red; the woods change in the early and late days, the firs change, and the hemlock changes rapidly. The above different characteristics can distinguish spruce, fir and hemlock.
three. Pine use visual property
Wood properties are short for wood properties, including chemistry, mechanics, aesthetics and physics, durability, and processing. Depending on the application, choose the wood that is suitable for its properties, or the wood that is not ketone, for different requirements.
3.1 Xianxinsong: pine wood with distinct heartwood
3.1.1
Significant hardwood pine: including hardwood pine, larch, Douglas fir. The pine wood has a large density, hardness and strength. Suitable for various engineering purposes, such as construction, bridges, piles, sleepers, pillars, poles, workshops, docks, dock structures, sports equipment, cement formwork, industrial flooring and other materials.
3.1.2
Significant softwood pine: including cork pine and redwood. The density, hardness and strength of this type of pine material are relatively small, and it is more suitable for various light industrial materials, such as furniture, stationery, toys, molds, musical instruments, interior decoration, packaging boxes and other materials.
3.1.3
Durability and anti-corrosion: The heart-slung heartwood is reddish-brown or yellow-brown. It has certain resistance to its bacteria and insects. It is medium or durable, but the sapwood is easy to change color, decay, and is susceptible to insects and ants. The food is corrupt. Therefore, when used in the open air or in construction, it is necessary to preservative treatment, especially in the south of China.
3.2 Hidden heart pine: pine wood with no obvious difference in heartwood
The hidden pine in the market is mainly spruce, fir and hemlock. Spruce and fir are mainly made in China, and there are also imports. The hemlock is mainly imported, while the cedar is rare.
The biggest disadvantage of hidden pine is that it is not durable, easy to change color, decay and insects. It can be used as outdoor and some engineering materials after anti-corrosion treatment. Due to the general color of the material, the texture is straight and uniform, easy to dry, stable in size, and more suitable for various light industrial materials and papermaking materials.
3.3 Paper Pine: Pine for Papermaking
World paper consumption is increasing day by day, and pine is an important raw material for papermaking. Because the fiber (tubular) of pine is long, it is 2 to 3 times longer than that of hardwood fiber, and the fiber yield is high. The fiber shape is more suitable for papermaking. The most used newsprint and printing paper in the world today is mainly made of pine fiber.
All pine wood can be made of paper, but it is better with hidden pine, soft heart pine and fast-growing pine. Because of their light color, low hardness, and uniform fiber, the quality of the paper produced is higher. In addition to the direct use of logs in paper mills, many countries with abundant pine resources, the factory only sells pine pulp (dry fiber), which can reduce transportation costs and increase production value. Some of the smaller paper mills rely primarily on pulp to make high-quality paper.
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