In recent years, there have been frequent school bus safety accidents in China, such as major traffic accidents on kindergarten school buses, and the suffocation of children being forgotten by school buses. School bus safety accidents have caused major casualties among minors, and have caused tremendous adverse effects on families and society. Especially on November 16, 2011, the school bus of Dr. Xiao's Private Kindergarten in Yulinzi Town, Zhengning County, Gansu Province was severely overloaded and collided head-on with Dongfeng dump trucks. The total number of deaths reached 21 people. The school bus traffic accident caused a national shock, and there were fierce reactions from all walks of life, which also prompted government departments at all levels to think seriously. The State Council soon formulated the “School Bus Safety Regulationsâ€, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology also announced the “School Bus Safety Standards†in January 2012. The government's financial department has increased capital investment in school buses, and purchased vehicles with better safety performance as school buses. The traffic management department introduced management measures such as "priority school bus traffic". These measures will undoubtedly promote the improvement of the safety level of our school buses. Generally speaking, strengthening the safety management of school buses is currently being discussed at the institutional level. With the rapid development of science and technology, we should also adopt advanced technical means to provide a strong guarantee for the safety management of school buses.
1 Main contents of school bus safety management
In our country, school buses mainly refer to the transportation vehicles used by underage students in kindergarten, elementary school and middle school. Due to the general lack of safety awareness of young children and elementary school students, and their self-protection ability is very weak, the safety of school buses is almost entirely dependent on the constraints and supervision of schools and governments. The most important thing about school bus safety is traffic safety. Traffic safety has potential risks of overloading, speeding, illegal driving by drivers, fatigue driving, etc., as well as other vehicles that are driving on the same road. Secondly, the school bus safety also includes the personal safety of the middle school students driving inside the vehicle and the electrical safety of the vehicle machinery.
To ensure the safety of school buses, first of all, the government needs to formulate strict management systems and safety regulations from the macro level, increase capital investment, and encourage enterprises to invest. Relevant government departments should play the role of leading, coordinating, supervising, serving and guaranteeing. Secondly, the school should strengthen the daily management of school buses and drivers. Then is to use effective technical means to restrain and ensure the safe driving of school buses. The rules and regulations are "soft constraints", which are easy to violate when executed. Technological methods are characterized by "hard constraints" and are often not biased by human subjective factors. Among the technologies that can be adopted in the school bus safety management system, the Internet of Things technology has great advantages.
The Internet of Things technology integrates technologies such as sensing, remote communication, network, and computer information system. The use of radio frequency identification, global satellite positioning, geographic information system, and network technology at the core of the Internet of Things technology can realize comprehensive real-time monitoring of school bus machinery electrical safety, driving safety, driver safety, student safety, etc., for school bus safety Management provides the most timely and accurate basic data. And the Internet of Things technology has matured in traffic safety.
2 Introduction to IoT Technology
The Internet of Things (The Internet of Things) refers to the use of radio frequency identification (RFID), infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners and other sensing devices, using communication methods, according to the agreed protocol, to achieve full interconnection, including things Interconnection with things, also includes the interconnection between people and things, a network of information exchange and communication to achieve intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management.
Among them, RFID is the main carrier of Internet of Things applications. The Internet of Things is the core area that has triggered a new wave of the information industry after computers, the Internet and mobile communications. China's "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" lists the promotion and application of Internet of Things technology as an important part of development. The Internet of Things technology has a wide range of applications in logistics management, remote monitoring, intelligent transportation, environmental monitoring, and public safety.
Radio Frequency Identification (Radio Frequency IdentificatiON) Abbreviation RFID, also known as electronic tags, wireless radio frequency identification, it is the core and basic technology of the Internet of Things technology. Radio frequency identification technology uses radio frequency signals to realize information transmission and data reading and writing through spatial coupling to achieve identification purposes. Its biggest advantage is that it can achieve contactless information transfer.
RFID technology is mainly used for identification in the school bus safety management system.
Global Positioning System (Global Positioning System), abbreviated as GPS, refers to a system that uses satellites to perform real-time positioning and navigation on a global scale. The most widely used in the world is the US GPS positioning system, followed by the Russian GLONASS (Glonas) system. The "Beidou positioning system" independently developed by China has also been put into use. GPS technology is mainly used for school bus speed measurement, positioning and trajectory tracking in the school bus safety management system.
Geographic Information System (Geographic Information System) abbreviated GIS, which is based on a geospatial database, supported by computer software and hardware, using the theory of system engineering and information science, scientific management and comprehensive analysis of geographic data with spatial connotation, for Provide geographic information support for management and decision-making. In the school bus safety management, GIS can describe the vehicle's driving trajectory, display the road traffic status, locate the accident point, dispatch emergency rescue, and provide traffic command schemes in the form of graphics.
3 System functional structure design
The school bus safety management system is generally divided into three subsystems, corresponding to three integrated working platforms, namely the school bus vehicle subsystem (vehicle platform), school bus school management subsystem (daily management platform), and government department school bus supervision subsystem (supervision platform) .
The main data within and between the platforms of the school bus safety management system are: (1) GPS data of the vehicle, on this basis, the speed and running track can be calculated; (2) personnel RFID information, based on which real-time available The number of passengers and the basic information of each student; (3) The mechanical and electrical data of the vehicle when it is running. You can compare this data with the normal vehicle parameters to determine the safety of the school bus and warn about abnormal conditions; 4) In-vehicle video information, including real-time in-vehicle conditions, working conditions of drivers and onboard teachers, student pick-up and drop-off and parent pick-up, etc .; (5) geographic information, traffic conditions, text information (such as weather information, special notice Etc.), regulatory directives, etc. The communication and data transmission and reception schematic diagrams of each subsystem are now given, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of data transmission of school bus safety management system
4 Main functions of each subsystem
The functional structure of the school bus safety management system is shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2 Functional structure of each subsystem of school bus safety management
4.1 School bus on-board subsystem
The school bus on-board subsystem mainly includes RFID reader, GPS receiving equipment, video monitoring facility, alarm device and wireless communication device.
High-performance school buses can be equipped with vehicle mechanical and electrical performance sensing equipment.
The on-board subsystem is the most basic component of the school bus safety management system. It not only transmits important real-time raw data, but also receives control information from the management platform. In order to ensure the smooth operation and convenient operation of the vehicle-mounted subsystem, the vehicle-mounted subsystem should be integrated into an overall operation platform. The vehicle-mounted platform mainly integrates the following facilities:
(1) RFID equipment: The on-board RFID reader automatically obtains the accurate number of people on and off the vehicle through the electronic wristband worn by the student; reads the identity of the driver and the escort teacher RIFD. When the parents pick up the child, read the Remote identification of RFID cards, allowing drivers and teachers to obtain parent information through voice, to avoid counterfeiting and misconnection. The actual number of passengers in the bus is displayed in an appropriate position with striking numbers to avoid accidents that leave children on the bus when the school bus stops.
(2) Video surveillance equipment: Video collection and storage are completed through cameras installed at various key positions in the car, and the video data is sent to the school management center through the 3G high-speed wireless communication network.
(3) GPS equipment: get the real-time dynamic space coordinate information of the school bus operation, and transmit it to the system for processing and calculation.
(4) Wireless communication device: choose 3G high-speed wireless communication network to ensure smooth signal and complete video data transmission with huge flow.
(5) Alarm system: automatic alarm and automatic brake deceleration when vehicle mechanical and electrical faults; alarm and automatic fire extinguishing device in case of fire; automatic call with 110, 120 and other public alarm systems in dangerous situations; manual alarm button, In special circumstances, the driver sends an alarm signal to the school management center.
4.2 School Management Subsystem
The school management platform mainly completes the daily management of the school bus and the school bus operation data is uploaded to the supervision platform in real time. The school bus school management subsystem network adopts the mode of 3G mobile communication network + high-speed broadband network (twisted pair or optical fiber high-speed star Ethernet). Use wireless communication network and mobile school bus vehicle platform to realize data transmission, and connect with supervision system of relevant government departments through high-speed broadband network. The school management subsystem uses multiple computers to form a local area network, which completes video surveillance information reception, GPS tracking and positioning, and real-time reception of personnel and vehicle information. The main functions of the school management platform are:
(1) Vehicle GPS location tracking
Receive the geographic coordinate information sent by the vehicle GPS to locate and track the school bus. Qualified schools can add a GIS geographic information system to automatically display location information on electronic maps. The administrator can obtain the exact location, speed, driving path, etc. of the school bus. Make sure that the school bus runs in the normal time and on the designated route to prevent speeding and unauthorized changes to the driving route.
(2) Send and receive text messages
You can send warning messages to the driver about the abnormal driving of the school bus, and you can also send and receive text messages such as temporary short messages and notifications, such as weather, road conditions, and abnormal conditions.
(3) RFID information management
Including the issuance of various RFID cards, data entry, update, etc.
This function is the most important function in the school bus safety management system, and can well reflect the benefits of the application of the Internet of Things technology in the school bus safety management.
The RFID cards required by the system mainly include driver cards, faculty cards, student ride cards, and parent pickup cards. Among them, the driver card and the faculty card use RFID cards for short-range reading. The faculty and staff card can be subdivided into school principals, school bus safety check duty staff, and escort staff cards. The RFID cards of teachers and drivers can also be used for electronic attendance, access control, system authorization, etc. Students use electronic wristbands for their travel cards, especially children in kindergartens must use electronic wristbands for easy wearing and use. The student RFID card contains his name, gender, age, class, home address, contact information, photos, etc. The parent card uses a remotely read RFID card to facilitate parents to identify their identity without having to get in the car. In order to ensure that the child is safely and correctly delivered to the parents, it is best to use the "dual card matching" security mechanism, that is, the parent card is the same as the child's student card, and the parent is allowed to pick up the child. Because of the RFID card, the detailed information of students getting on and off the bus and the pick-up by parents can be automatically recorded by the system.
An important function of this module is to dynamically obtain the actual number of people on board to prevent overload. At the same time, it can prevent students from missing or missing stations or being forgotten in the car by comparing with the school ride data registered by the school.
(4) Home-school contact: mainly for schools / parents to publish / query school bus operation status, student bus ride status, etc. via network, text message, telephone, etc.
(5) System maintenance: enter basic information, user authority management, data statistics, analysis and other functions.
4.3 Safety supervision subsystem
The safety supervision subsystem is used by government supervision departments, such as education authorities, safety supervision, traffic police, etc. Through the supervision platform, the supervision department can obtain real-time passenger numbers, videos, vehicles belonging to the school, speed, etc. of all school bus operations in the jurisdiction, and send supervision opinions to the school management center; with the help of GIS electronic maps in the administrative area, traffic management and command information The system, the supervisory department can also check the operation route of the school bus in the area, and carry out reasonable traffic command in accordance with the traffic conditions, so as to provide convenient traffic conditions for the school bus.
5 Conclusion
School bus safety affects thousands of households and affects family happiness and social stability. The Internet of Things technology has mature application experience in areas such as transportation and public transportation that are close to the school bus operation. Therefore, the development and application of the school bus safety management system based on the Internet of Things technology has practical significance and feasibility. The use of advanced Internet of Things technology can give full play to the rigid "selfless" characteristics of technical means, and build an important technological protection wall for school bus safety. Of course, because the Internet of Things is a very comprehensive technology, there is no unified technical standard, which also brings certain obstacles to the application of the Internet of Things technology in the school bus safety management system. In addition, school bus safety management is a huge and complex system project, which is difficult to invest and implement.
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